Assessing Knowledge of the Caracaras: Compiling Information, Identifying Knowledge Gaps, and Recommendations for Future Research

ABSTRACT Because information availability and management are essential components of wildlife conservation, we sought to compile literature published since 1900 on the caracaras, a group of nine extant species, eight of which occur only in Central America and South America. Our findings revealed that the number of sources and therefore, the amount and types of information available varied considerably among the caracara species and among countries where these raptors occur. Most sources represented studies conducted in Argentina, the United States, Brazil, and Chile, and many focused on the more common species, for example, the Crested Caracara (Caracara plancus) and the Chimango Caracara (Milvago chimango). Most sources published in the early 20th century focused on breeding and feeding ecology and natural history. Since the 1960s, the number of studies published per decade has increased, and since the 1990s, more studies have addressed a broader range of topics including behavioral ecology, demography, infectious agents, parasites, contaminants, biomedicine, and taxonomic relatedness among the caracara species and other falcons. Aside from the Striated Caracara (Phalcoboenus australis), which recently has been the subject of intensive research, other species in the genus Phalcoboenus (the Mountain Caracara [P. megalopterus]; the White-throated Caracara [P. albogularis]; and the Carunculated Caracara, [P. carunculatus]) remain little known, as do the two forest-dwelling caracaras, the Black Caracara (Daptrius ater) and the Red-throated Caracara (Ibycter americanus). Knowledge gaps exist for all the caracaras; research is especially needed on subjects outside typically studied topics such as breeding and feeding ecology. Also important to expanding knowledge of this group will be collaboration with researchers studying other avian scavengers such as condors and vultures, focusing on common threats, and coordination among researchers in countries inhabited by multiple caracara species.