Right heart strain in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy: Implications for cardiovascular outcome.

INTRODUCTION:Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is characterized by progressive myocardial dysfunction and associated with an increased risk of major cardiovascular events. AIMS:To determine right heart strain (ventricular and atrial global longitudinal strain (RVGLS and RAGLS)) in patients with definite ARVC and its association with adverse events during follow-up. METHODS:RVGLS and RAGLS were analysed in focused right heart apical views from 70 patients using TomTec ImageArena and association with a composite endpoint (sustained ventricular arrhythmia and cardiovascular death) was determined. RESULTS:Over a median follow-up duration of 4.9 years, 26 (37%) patients met the endpoint. RVGLS was significantly impaired in the event group (-11.5 [-13.3 - -10.2]%) versus the no-event group (-15.8 [-17.1 - -14.5]%, P < 0.001), and so was RAGLS (22.8 [21.4 - 27.4]% vs. 31.5 [25.1 - 39.6]%, respectively, P < 0.001). In Cox regression, RVGLS (HR 1.36, P < 0.001) and RAGLS (HR 0.92, P = 0.002) were associated with higher risk of adverse events. In multivariable Cox regression models, RVGLS and RAGLS remained independent of and were incremental to age, gender, and conventional RV parameters, and model fit was improved when RVGLS and RAGLS were applied together rather than alone. CONCLUSIONS:RVGLS and RAGLS are more impaired in patients with adverse events and associated with adverse events independent of age, gender, and conventional RV parameters. When RVGLS and RAGLS are applied together, prediction models are improved suggesting that right heart strain may form part of the echocardiographic routine protocol in patients with ARVC.