Formation conditions of Jixian System cherts in Qishan area, Ordos Basin: Implications for marine redox conditions and paleoecology

Abundant chert bands and nodules are discovered throughout the Mesoproterozoic Jixian System in the Ordos Basin. These cherts faithfully record the Jixian period oceanic conditions and paleoecology. However, the diagenetic mechanism of the cherts remain unclear and controversial. To understand the origin of these cherts, we performed a multitracer study by combining field reconnaissance, petrological analyses, Si isotope analysis, and major and trace element analysis of chert samples from Qishan section. The results show that Jixian cherts had a high Al/(Al + Fe + Mn) value (~0.48), showed a flat distribution of rare earth elements in seawater, and most of the Fe/Ti values are <20. A weak negative Ce anomaly (~0.97) indicates the contribution of REY to weakly oxygenated seawater. The high isotopic composition of silicon (δ30Si = 0.74 ‰-1.35 ‰) and the average Siex value of 37.52 indicate that there is a source of biological silica, and the relationship between Eu/Eu* and Y/Ho and δ30Si shows that the hydrothermal and volcanic influences were less and correlated with seawater. The chert bands were closely related to biological activities. The cherts nodules were influenced by hydrothermal activity. Secondary cherts were related to diagenesis, but the nature of siliceous fluids remains unchanged, still characterized by biogenic activities origins. The sea oxygen concentration in the Jixian period had increased, with periodic variations in the intensity of biological activities affecting the pH of the water body, or biological photosynthesis binding SiO2 colloid in water, affecting cherts sediments, leading to frequent interlayering between dolomite and chert bands. Episodic hydrothermal fluids and late-stage diagenetic processes jointly influenced the formation of cherts. This study bears immense significance in enhancing our understanding of the sedimentary environment and the origin of cherts during the Jixian period in the Ordos Basin.