The role of shade in influencing dung deposition and nutrient transfer by kangaroos ( Macropus spp.) in an arid landscape

Where they occur at high densities, herbivores are likely to impact ecosystems by functioning as nutrient vectors that shift nutrients from areas where they graze to other locations. Such lateral shifts in nutrients are important to understand as they can alter the balance of species interactions and composition of ecological communities. In arid Australia, kangaroo (Macropus spp.) populations have irrupted due to suppression of their chief predator and their presence can have marked impacts on vegetation and soils in areas where they graze. Kangaroos are hypothesised to facilitate the transport of nutrients by ingesting organic material and depositing it in the form of faecal matter and urine under the shade of trees where they rest during the day. Here, we investigate the role that kangaroos and shade play as nutrient vectors and nutrient sinks, respectively. We compared kangaroo visitation and soil nutrients under experimental shades with unshaded areas in an arid landscape with little natural shade. Kangaroo visitation was greatest at shaded plots. Dung accumulation was greater at shaded plots than unshaded plots. Total carbon (TC) was greater in soils within shaded plots than control plots; however, there was no difference in TC between shaded plots and procedural control plots. There was no difference in total nitrogen and plant available phosphorus between shaded, control and procedural control plots. Our findings demonstrate that the presence of shade in an arid landscape influences the microhabitat choice of kangaroos, but only partially supports the hypothesis that nutrients concentrate within the soil under shade.