Indium(III) complexes: application as organic catalyst, precursor for chalcogenides nanoparticles and starting materials in the industry

Trivalent indium ions are not toxic like the common ions, and this implies that there are limited secondary pollution associated with their photoconversion processes. They are therefore a preferred choice for several applications. However, they are not used in their ionic form. Their salts are reacted with various organic ligands to form different trivalent complexes of indium for these applications. Herein, the use of different trivalent complexes as catalysts in organic synthesis are discussed. Their usage as a precursor of indium oxide, indium sulfide, indium tellurides and indium selenides are examined. In addition, their application as organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), sensor, photovoltaic and luminous materials are discussed. Finally, gaps and/or areas for future research are highlighted.