Nanomaterial-based electrochemical chemo(bio)sensors for the detection of nanoplastic residues: trends and future prospects

Nanoplastic (NPL) residues, minute plastic particles measuring less than 1 micron (μm), have become pervasive in aquatic ecosystems, infiltrating through various sources such as wastewater treatment, industrial discharges, and plastic degradation. The escalating global concern over the extensive pollution caused by NPL residues underscores the critical need for effective detection and monitoring methods to comprehensively understand its prevalence, impacts, and potential mitigation strategies. In this context, electrochemical chemo(bio)sensors emerge as a promising solution for detecting NPL residues. Offering a unique combination of specificity, sensitivity, rapid response times, and the ability to detect trace contaminants in complex matrices, these chemo(bio)sensors are poised to play a pivotal role in addressing the challenges posed by NPL residue pollution. This review exclusively delves into electrochemical methods and materials, encompassing nanomaterials such as stable carbon, noble metals, metal oxides, and polymer films. Furthermore, it explores chemo(bio)sensors utilizing enzymes, antibodies, and aptamers for NPL residue detection. The review critically examines the challenges inherent in developing electrochemical chemo(bio)sensors, including considerations related to recognition elements and their practical applications. Additionally, it offers insights into future prospects, paving the way for advancements in this field. By addressing these challenges and exploring innovative solutions, electrochemical chemo(bio)sensors hold the promise of safeguarding aquatic environments from the detrimental effects of NPL residues. The overarching goal of this review is to raise awareness regarding NPL residues and to underscore the potential of electrochemical chemo(bio)sensors in protecting global water and environmental resources. The specific focus on electrochemical approaches aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of these techniques' role in tackling the pressing issue of NPL residue pollution.