Did subduction in the western Mediterranean drive Neogene alpine dynamics? Insights from analogue modeling

Joseph Martinod, Ayend-Christ Daou, Laurent Metral,Christian Sue

BSGF-EARTH SCIENCES BULLETIN(2024)

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Abstract
In the Western Alps, a first Late Cretaceous to Eocene "Pyrenean-Provencal" compressive phase accommodating N-S shortening resulting from the convergence between Africa and Eurasia is classically described. It is followed by the Neogene "Alpine phase" accommodating E-W shortening. Since this major tectonic change is not explained by a modification of the global Africa-Eurasia convergence, it should be explained instead by more local causes, possibly by the subduction of the Ligurian Ocean that initiated in the Oligocene beneath the European and Iberian plates. In this paper, we present analogue models simulating the Neogene evolution of this subduction zone, in order to understand how it impacted the regional tectonics. Although models do not include the lithospheric plate overriding the subduction zone, their surface deformations share many similarities with the Neogene tectonics of Western Europe and Iberia. We observe that the tectonic evolution is largely controlled by the roll-back of the slab, that occurred much faster than the Africa-Eurasia convergence. Models reproduce the opening of the Western Mediterranean Basins and the dispersion of the AlKaPeCa continental fragments (Alboran, Kabylian, Peloritan and Calabrian blocks). They also show that the subduction of the Ligurian Ocean favors the counterclockwise rotation of Adria. In more elaborated models, we introduced a pre-existing weakness along the Africa and Adria margins, to reproduce the break-off of the oceanic slab that followed the beginning of continental subduction both in Northern Africa and Adria. Slab break-off is followed by the exhumation of the subducted continent. We observe that the influence of subduction on the kinematics of Adria largely decreases following slab break-off. In the models, the total counterclockwise rotation of Adria varies between 7 degrees and more than 30 degrees, depending on the timing of slab break-off. Since the process of subduction modifies the displacement of Adria, it also impacts the tectonic evolution of surrounding regions, especially in the Alpine belt: Our models show that during slab-roll back and before the Ligurian slab break-off, the azimuth of convergence between Adria and Europe shifts from similar to N-S to similar to ENE-WSW. Hence, they suggest that the oceanic subduction in the Western Mediterranean may contribute to the "Oligocene revolution" described by Dumont et al. (2011), leading to E-W shortening in the Western Alps and to the activation of the Periadriatic right-lateral shear zones in the Central Alps. We conclude that the western Mediterranean region is a spectacular example showing how the tectonics of mountain ranges and plate boundaries may be controlled by distant subduction processes. Dans les Alpes occidentales, on decrit classiquement une phase tectonique "pyreneo-provencale" ancienne, du Cretace superieur a l'eocene, accommodant un raccourcissement N-S resultant de la convergence entre l'Afrique et l'Eurasie. Elle est suivie par la "phase alpine" Neogene, qui correspond a un raccourcissement E-W. Comme ce changement tectonique majeur ne resulte pas d'un changement de convergence entre l'Afrique et l'Eurasie, il doit etre explique par des causes plus locales, en particulier par la subduction de l'Ocean Ligure qui s'est produite a partir de l'Oligocene sous les plaques europeenne et iberique. Nous presentons des modeles analogiques simulant l'evolution de cette zone de subduction, afin de determiner dans quelle mesure elle a modifie la tectonique regionale. Bien que ces modeles ne comportent pas de plaque lithospherique chevauchant la zone de subduction, nous observons que leurs deformations de surface presentent de nombreuses similitudes avec la tectonique neogene de l'Europe occidentale et de l'Iberie, qui est largement controlee par le recul du plan de subduction. En effet, celui-ci a ete beaucoup plus rapide que la convergence Afrique-Eurasie. Les modeles reproduisent l'ouverture des bassins de Mediterranee occidentale et la dispersion des fragments continentaux AlKaPeCa (Alboran, Kabylie, bloc peloritain et Calabre). Ils montrent egalement que la subduction de l'Ocean Ligure a favorise la rotation antihoraire de la plaque Adria. Dans certains modeles, nous avons introduit une faiblesse preexistante au niveau des marges africaine et adriatique, afin de reproduire le detachement de la plaque oceanique qui s'est produit suite a la subduction continentale, sous l'Afrique du Nord et Adria. Le detachement de la plaque oceanique entraine l'exhumation du continent subduit. L'influence de la subduction sur la cinematique de la plaque Adria diminue fortement apres que le detachement se soit produit. Dans les modeles, la rotation antihoraire totale d'Adria varie entre 7 degrees et plus de 30 degrees, en fonction de la chronologie du detachement de la plaque plongeante. Puisque le processus de subduction modifie le deplacement d'Adria, il impacte aussi l'evolution tectonique des regions qui bordent cette plaque, en particulier dans les Alpes: Nos modeles montrent que pendant le recul de la plaque plongeante, et avant le detachement oceanique, l'azimut de convergence Adria-Europe tourne de similar to N-S a similar to ENE-WSW. Ils suggerent donc que la subduction oceanique de Mediterranee occidentale a contribue a "revolution oligocene" decrite par Dumont et al. (2011), conduisant a un raccourcissement E-W dans les Alpes occidentales et a l'activation des zones de cisaillement dextres peri-adriatiques dans les Alpes centrales. Il apparait que la region mediterraneenne occidentale est un exemple remarquable montrant comment la tectonique des chaines de montagnes et des frontieres de plaques peut etre controlee par des processus de subduction lointains.
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Key words
Subduction,Analogue models,West Mediterranean,Adria,Alps,Neogene,Modeles analogiques,Mediterranee occidentale,Alpes
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