Effect of doping TiO2 with Fe on the loading of a natural extract

This study explores the relationship between Fe doping in TiO2 nanoparticles and their capacity to load a natural citrus extract. Synthesized TiO2 (T) and TiO2-Fe (TF) nanoparticles were characterized using XRD patterns, N2 physisorption, UV–Vis and FTIR spectroscopy, and electron microscopy. Fe doping induced shifts in X-ray diffraction patterns and broadened absorption bands in UV–Vis spectra, reflecting changes in crystal structure and electronic transitions. BET analysis revealed increased surface area with Fe doping. Loading of the natural citrus extract was confirmed by FTIR. SEM and TEM images displayed slight morphological changes and a reduced nanoparticle size after Fe doping. Finally, Fe doped TiO2 demonstrated an improvement in loading ability with loading values up to 82.4%.