Properties of ultra lightweight foamed concrete utilizing agro waste ashes as an alkaline activated material

In the present investigation, rice husk ash (RHA), bamboo leaf ash (BLA) and palm oil fuel ash (POFA) known as agricultural-waste materials locally available were used to produce ultra lightweight foamed concretes (ULFCs). BLA, RHA, and POFA were used as replacements for cement in ULFCs at different weight percentages of 0 %, 5 %, 10 %, 15 %, and 20 %. To achieve the target density of 350 kg/m3, cement was substituted with agricultural wastes, and a protein foaming agent was added. The properties of ULFCs were examined including, slump test, setting time, fresh density, splitting tensile, compressive and flexural strengths, thermal insulating, microstructural and transport properties, permeability and pore's structure. The experimental results demonstrated that BLA and POFA ashes significantly outperforms in terms of efficiency and improved the mechanical and transport qualities of ULFCs than RHA ash. By increasing the weight fractions of BLA, RHA, and POFA from 5 % to 20 % in ULFC mixes resulted in an improvement in slump, porosity, capillary sorption, water absorption, bulk density, intrinsic air permeability, and specific heat. The ideal results were seen in terms of compressive strength, bending strength, splitting tensile strength, and UPV when 15 % POFA and BLA, and 10 % RHA were used as substitutes for cement. The increase in weight fraction of BLA, RHA, and POFA resulted in a rise in both thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of ULFCs. SEM studies revealed that incorporating different agricultural wastes positively affects the pore size distribution within the microstructure decreasing with increased content of ashes related to the development of ULFCs with stronger matrix. As a result, the formulated ULFCs met the masonry strength criteria while also providing economic and environmental benefits.