Cross-cultural adaptation, reliability, validity and responsiveness of the Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire (MHQ-Sp) in Spain

The Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire (MHQ) is a self-report tool widely recognized for measuring the health status of patients with hand and wrist problems from a multidimensional perspective. The aim of this study is to translate and culturally adapt the MHQ and validate its psychometric properties of validity, reliability, and responsiveness for different hand problems in Spain. The MHQ was translated and culturally adapted following the recommendations of the American Association of Orthopaedic Surgeons. The validation process adhered to the current Consensus-Based Standards for the Selection of Health Status Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) group and was conducted on 262 hand patients. Reliability was assessed through internal consistency using Cronbach's alpha. The study evaluated the test–retest reliability of the measurements using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Additionally, the measurement error was calculated using the standard error of measurement (SEM) and smallest detectable change (SDC). To assess the structural validity, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was employed, while construct validity was evaluated using Pearson's correlation coefficient. Finally, responsiveness was assessed using effect size (ES), standardized response mean (SRM), and minimum clinically important difference (MCID). The reliability of the test was confirmed through internal consistency analysis, with a good Crombach's Alpha (0.82–0.85), and test–retest analysis, with good values of ICC (0.74–0.91). The measurement error was also assessed, with low values of SEM (1.70–4.67) and SDC (4.71–12.94)). The CFA confirmed the unidimensionality of each scale with goodness of fit indices, while the MHQ showed a high and negative correlation with DASH (r = − 0.75, P < 0.001) and DASH-work (r = − 0.63, P < 0.001) and was irrelevant with EQ-5D (r = − 0.01, P > 0.005) and grip strength (r = 0.05, P > 0.005). At week 5, all 222 patients across the three diagnosed hand subgroups showed moderate to high values above 0.92 for ES and SRM, with one MCID above 6.85. The MHQ-Sp was culturally adapted, and the results of this version showed good reliability and validity as well as high responsiveness for a wide range of hand conditions after surgical or conservative treatment in Spain.