Ionic dissolution profiles of combined goniothalamin and bioactive glass 45s5 in culture medium of human osteosarcoma saos-2 cells

This study aimed to investigate the combined effects of goniothalamin and bioactive glass (GTN-BG) on human osteosarcoma Saos-2 cells that emphasise the extracellular changes in the cells' growth medium, including pH and ion release profile. The MTT assay was used to examine the effect of a combination dose of GTN-BG on Saos-2 cells in comparison to untreated and treated Saos-2 with bioactive glass (BG), goniothalamin (GTN), and doxorubicin (DOX). The pH of the culture media for Saos-2 cells was recorded using a pH meter. The release profile of several selected ions such as Ca2+, Na+, Mg2+, K+ and PO43- in the complete culture media of Saos-2 cells was measured by ICP-OES. This study demonstrated that the combination of GTN-BG is more potent than GTN in inhibiting the proliferation of Saos-2 cells while leaving the viability of HMSC as a control normal cell unaffected. The presence of BG significantly increased the pH values in the culture medium of Saos-2. The BG and GTN-BG culture medium exposed to Saos-2 cells showed a significant increment of Ca2+ and Na+ ions concentration after 1 to 24 hours of incubation time compared to UT and GTN. The inhibitory effects of GTN in Saos-2 cells were improved when combined with BG, which may result from a better microenvironment. The release of ionic dissolution products from the BG allowed the rise of pHe, which minimised the pHe/pHi ratio, and subsequently affected the progression of the Saos-2 cells.