Zeros of generalized hypergeometric polynomials via finite free convolution. Applications to multiple orthogonality

We address the problem of the weak asymptotic behavior of zeros of families of generalized hypergeometric polynomials as their degree tends to infinity. The main tool is the representation of such polynomials as a finite free convolution of simpler elements; this representation is preserved in the asymptotic regime, so we can formally write the limit zero distribution of these polynomials as a free convolution of explicitly computable measures. We derive a simple expression for the S-transform of the limit distribution, which turns out to be a rational function, and a representation of the Kampé de Fériet polynomials in terms of finite free convolutions. We apply these tools, as well as those from [arXiv:2309.10970], to the study of some well-known families of multiple orthogonal polynomials (Jacobi-Piñeiro and multiple Laguerre of the first and second kinds), obtaining results on their zeros, such as interlacing, monotonicity, and asymptotics.