Novel Fe3O4-modified biochar generated from rice husk: a sustainable strategy for strengthening lead absorption in wastewater

Water contamination currently threatens human health, which is still a major environmental issue. Scientists are paying attention, in particular, to lead poisoning of water caused by industrial wastes on a global scale. In order to reduce agricultural waste and promote sustainable development, this study created a straightforward process for using leftover rice husks to create biochar. At first, the rice husk biochar was prepared; then, following the immersion of biochar with precursors of Fe2+ and Fe3+ and precipitation under alkaline condition, the Fe3O4 was formed and laid onto biochar to create another magnetic adsorbent known as ferrous-modified biochar. The success of loading Fe3O4 was confirmed by SEM, XRD, FTIR, and BET measurements. The delivered ferrous-modified biochar has a high surface area and correct functional groups for the adsorption process. In order to remove Pb (II) from wastewater, rice husk biochar and ferrous-modified biochar materials were used. Under optimized conditions, synthesized ferrous-modified biochar has a lead adsorbent effectiveness of 95.0