Inorganic carbon accumulation in saline soils via modification effects of organic amendments on dissolved ions and enzymes activities

Organic amendments are effective in promoting salt leaching, improving availability of nutrients and increasing crop yield in saline soils. However, the effects of the combined application of organic amendments on soil inorganic carbon (SIC) content and its driving mechanisms are unknown. We examined how changes in soil biochemical properties including moisture content, pH value, dissolved ions, soil organic C (SOC), dissolved organic C (DOC), microbial biomass C (MBC), and activities of C- and N-related enzyme due to applying (i) only mineral fertilizers (control; Ctrl) or mineral fertilization in combination with (ii) manure (M); (iii) biofertilizer plus manure (B+M); and (iv) humic acid plus manure (HA+M) modify SIC pool over three years. Organic amendments increased the content of Ca2+ and HCO3- ions, but significantly decreased Na+, Cl-, and SO42- at 0-60 cm soil layers compared to Ctrl. Furthermore, the activities of beta-glucosidase (BG), Xylanase (BX), Cellobiosidase (CE), and beta-1,4-N-Acetyl-glucosaminidase (NAG) increased at 0-40 cm soil. Partial least squares path model manifested that organic amendment directly accumulated SIC content by increasing Ca2+ content and the activities of BX and NAG. Additionally, the decrease of Cl- contents under organic amendments favored the increase of MBC and SOC content, which further increased SIC content. Generally, the effects of HA+M were greater than other fertilization managements, which increased the stocks of SIC and total C at 0-60 cm soils by 27 Mg ha-1 and 47 Mg ha-1, respectively. Furthermore, the effect of organic amendments on SIC content is more pronounced below the first 20 cm. Thus, the application of organic amendments is recommended as an appropriate measure to not only improve soil condition for plant growth and SOC accumulation but also to store C as SIC at deeper depths.