A Comprehensive Review on Smartphone-Based Sensor for Fish Spoilage Analysis: Applications and Limitations

Smartphone-based sensors (SPBS) along with communication and data as a part of the Internet of Things (IoT) have the potential to bring about a significant transformation in food safety by enabling customers to conduct screening tests. Additionally, fish spoilage is a critical issue in the fish industry, leading to economic losses and public health concerns. Traditional methods for assessing fish freshness are often labor-intensive and time-consuming. To address these challenges, it is crucial to comprehensively review ongoing research efforts and pinpoint key technological gaps. Consequently, we conducted a systematic review focusing on SPBS for fish spoilage analysis. We present an overview of the SPBS that were reviewed, emphasizing their performance characteristics. Additionally, we provided insights into the current state of the art concerning commercially available SPBS. This analysis has identified several notable technology gaps, with the most prominent ones being (i) the use of smartphone-based sensors in fish analysis, (ii) its applications using different modes of analysis, (iii) the advantages over analytical method, (iv) its limitation, and (v) recent development, challenges, and future trends. Advancements in optical sensor fabrication, miniaturization, and cost reduction, along with sophisticated machine learning algorithms and cloud computing capabilities, are driving significant developments in mobile diagnostics. Limited review and research were encountered for smartphone-based sensors for fish analysis. This opens the possibility areas for future researchers to detect fish spoilage using smartphone-based sensors.