Change in psychological parameters and quality of life among individuals with pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis following the intensive phase of therapy: a longitudinal observational study from central India

Background Tuberculosis (TB) is a global health concern, impacting millions annually, with limited attention to the psychological distress it inflicts. Psychological comorbidities, such as depression, anxiety, and stress, significantly affect the quality of life (QoL) of TB patients. Available literature on this topic is restricted to the pulmonary TB (PTB) patients; while psychological issues of the extrapulmonary TB (EPTB) patients who comprise a significant proportion of this disease entity remains unexplored. Additionally, the impact of anti-TB treatment on psychological parameters has received limited attention and vice-versa. This study aimed to assess depression, anxiety, stress, and QoL of TB patients at diagnosis and to understand how these parameters change after the intensive phase of treatment. Methods A longitudinal observational study involving 40 TB patients (31 EPTB and 9 TB) was conducted to assess depression, anxiety, stress and QoL among them. Participants were followed up after the intensive treatment phase. Results At baseline, 32.5% (n=13) and 65% (n=26) each participants experienced moderate-severe depression, and moderate-severe anxiety, and stress, respectively. QoL was notably compromised, especially in the psychological domain. Post-intensive treatment, anxiety and depression showed significant improvement (Z = -2.271, p = 0.023) and (Z = -2.093, p= 0.036), but QoL and stress levels remained largely unchanged (p>0.05). Conclusion This study highlights the high prevalence of psychological distress and poor QoL among TB patients. Following intensive phase of therapy, severity of depression and anxiety reduced significantly; however, change in stress-level and QoL remained non-significant. Although study is limited by in terms for small sample size, the need of holistic, multidisciplinary treatment approach (including mental health professionals) for such patients can’t be overemphasized. Implementing baseline psychological screenings and providing mental health support if required, are critical to improve the overall health and QoL of these individuals.