The Biodiversity of Anopheles and Malaria Vector Control in Indonesia: A Review

Malaria is a re-emerging vector-borne disease. Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites namely P. falciparum, P. malariae, P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. knowlesi. The parasite is transmitted by mosquitoes from the genus Anopheles. The genus Anopheles comprises more than 480 described species worldwide and many more are yet to be described. It is known that there are more than 100 species of Anopheles that can transmit malaria parasites to humans. The present review aims to assess studies on the biodiversity of Anopheles as a malaria vector and its control in Indonesia. The results showed that a total of 80 species of Anopheles mosquitos are reported in Indonesia, and at least 31 species of Anopheles mosquitoes have been reported as malaria vectors in Indonesia. Several efforts to decrease the number of malaria cases are the distribution and wide-scale use of Long-Lasting Insecticide Treated Bednets (LLIN), Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) applications, larvae control, and environmental management. Vector control and entomological surveillance of malaria are one of the main domains for achieving malaria elimination. In conclusion, a combination of national policies, local-specific, habitat-specific, and community participation approaches are needed for effective malaria vector control in Indonesia.