Multi-stage stabilization and high-strength nano-porous Si@C for simple fabrication of lithium-ion batteries

Silicon serves as a widely employed anode material in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, its practical application faces significant challenges due to substantial volume expansion during lithiation and inadequate electrical conductivity, limiting its use in high-energy–density LIBs. In addressing these challenges, this study places a strong emphasis on developing a mass-producible method for fabricating high-strength nano-porous Si@C composites. This material shows great promise as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries, offering multi-stage stability. The research focuses on modifying commercial silicon powders, followed by a straightforward and large-scale multi-stage stabilization synthesis process, ultimately leading to the successful synthesis of robust nano-porous Si@C composites. Notably, these nano-porous Si@C composites demonstrate outstanding electrochemical performance, with a high discharging capacity of 3001.5 mAh g–1 at 0.2 A g–1 and 1407.9 mAh g–1 after 1000 cycles at 2 A g–1. They exhibit an impressive rate capability of 856.4 mAh g–1 at 10 A g–1, exhibiting an initial Coulombic efficiency of 82.5