Structure parameter as an intrinsic property of thin-film composite forward osmosis membrane

The structure parameter of the forward osmosis membrane has been defined as the characteristics of the support membrane, not related to the separation layer. Therefore, studies for improving the performance of the forward osmosis (FO) membranes have been focused on the optimization of the support structure. This study demonstrates that the separation thin-film polyamide (PA) layer has a strong impact on the performance of the FO membrane thus the structure parameters (S). We intentionally utilized a polyethersulfone hollow fiber substrate and two types of active separation skin were prepared at the inner surface: the first MPD/TMC and the second by adding triethylamine (TEA) into the aqueous phase during the interfacial polymerization (IP). By adding TEA, a rough PA layer with a leaf-like structure and a high crosslinking degree was obtained followed with high FO flux and low reverse salt flux attributed to the increased effective filtration area and crosslinking degree. The structure parameter of the FO membrane was reduced from 0.78 mm (for MPD/TMC system) to 0.45 mm (for MPD-TEA/TMC system). The result indicated that for the same substrate, lower structure parameter corresponded to the skin layer with higher permeance and rejection. This study confirmed that the structure parameter is more an inherent property of the entire TFC FO membrane than the character of the porous substrate. Future design for FO membranes needs to regulate the substrate, but more importantly to optimize the separation layer.