Nonreciprocal Nonlinear Responses in the Nonequilibrium States: Moving Charge Density Waves
arxiv(2024)
摘要
The incommensurate charge density wave states (CDWs) can exhibit steady
motion in the flow limit after depinning, behaving as a nonequilibrium system
with time-dependent states. Since the moving CDW, like an electric current,
breaks both time-reversal and inversion symmetries, one may speculate the
emergence of nonreciprocal nonlinear responses from such motion. However, the
moving CDW order parameter is intrinsically time-dependent in the lab frame,
and it is known to be challenging to evaluate the responses of such a
time-varying system. In this work, following the principle of Galilean
relativity, we resolve this time-dependent hard problem in the lab frame by
mapping the system to the comoving frame with static CDW states through the
Galilean transformation. We explicitly show that the nonreciprocal nonlinear
responses would be generated by the movement of CDW states through violating
Galilean relativity. Our work demonstrates not only nonreciprocal nonlinear
responses in nonequilibrium states but also the application of Galilean
transformation in simplifying time-dependent problems.
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