The effect of urban environment on large-scale path loss model's main parameters for mmWave 5G mobile network in Iraq

The high speeds resulting from the use of millimeter waves (mmWave) in 5G mobile networks are accompanied by high path loss. The issue of generating a reliable propagation model of radio waves is crucial to the development of cellular networks since it reveals essential information regarding the properties of the wireless channel. The received signal strength, the coverage area, and the outage probability in certain places may all be determined through theoretical or empirical radio frequency propagation models, which offer essential valuable information regarding signal path loss and fading. This work analyzes a comprehensive three-dimensional ray-tracing method at 28 GHz for Najaf city, Iraq. The optimum path loss model for the city of Najaf is evaluated using the close-in (CI) model. On average, the values of the main parameters of CI model n, X-sigma(CI) accomplished, respectively, 3.461866667 and 11.13958333. The lowest achievable path loss exponent was 3.0619 across all analyzed scenarios, while the highest possible value was 4.1253. The results of this work can serve as a baseline for mmWave measurement campaigns conducted in comparable conditions, and they provide a new avenue for future research into mmWave at 28 GHz in Iraq.