Stigmasterol alleviates neuropathic pain by reducing Schwann cell‐macrophage cascade in DRG by modulating IL‐34/CSF1R

AbstractAimsThis study aimed to investigate the potential therapeutic applications of stigmasterol for treating neuropathic pain.MethodsRelated mechanisms were investigated by DRG single‐cell sequencing analysis and the use of specific inhibitors in cellular experiments. In animal experiments, 32 male Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly divided into the sham operation group, CCI group, ibuprofen group, and stigmasterol group. We performed behavioral tests, ELISA, H&E staining and immunohistochemistry, and western blotting.ResultsCell communication analysis by single‐cell sequencing reveals that after peripheral nerve injury, Schwann cells secrete IL‐34 to act on CSF1R in macrophages. After peripheral nerve injury, the mRNA expression levels of CSF1R pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome in macrophages were increased in DRG. In vitro studies demonstrated that stigmasterol can reduce the secretion of IL‐34 in LPS‐induced RSC96 Schwann cells; stigmasterol treatment of LPS‐induced Schwann cell‐conditioned medium (L‐S‐CM) does not induce the proliferation and migration of RAW264.7 macrophages; L‐S‐CM reduces CSF1R signaling pathway (CSF1R, P38MAPK, and NFκB) activation, NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and ROS production. In vivo experiments have verified that stigmasterol can reduce thermal and cold hyperalgesia in rat chronic compressive nerve injury (CCI) model; stigmasterol can reduce IL‐1β, IL‐6, TNF‐α, CCL2, SP, and PGE2 in serum of CCI rats; immunohistochemistry and western blot confirmed that stigmasterol can reduce the levels of IL‐34/CSF1R signaling pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome in DRG of CCI rats.ConclusionStigmasterol alleviates neuropathic pain by reducing Schwann cell‐macrophage cascade in DRG by modulating IL‐34/CSF1R axis.