Ocean heat content in 2023

In 2023, global full-depth ocean heat content (OHC) reached a record increase of 464 +/- 55 ZJ since 1960, with strong heat gain observed in the Southern and Atlantic Oceans. OHC was 16 +/- 10 ZJ higher than in 2022, continuing the long-term increasing trend that started in 1960. Full-depth OHC peaked in 2023, with 40%, 24%, 28%, and 8% of heat accumulated within the 0-300 m, 300-700 m, 700-2000 m and below-2000 m layers, respectively, since 1960.In situ and satellite approaches indicate an increasing - and accelerating - global heating rate, with a trend of 0.16 +/- 0.02 W m-2 dec-1 estimated from 1960-2023.Observed global ocean warming in 2023 is consistent with the projection of the CMIP6 multi-model-median.