Investigating the effect of resveratrol on apoptosis and regulation of gene expression of Caco-2 cells: Unravelling potential implications for colorectal cancer treatment

Colorectal cancer is known for its substantial impact on global morbidity and mortality, with higher prevalence in developed regions. This study delves into the potential treatment advantages of resveratrol (RSV) in addressing colorectal cancer. Apoptosis and gene expression associated with apoptotic factors were explored using Caco-2 cells, a pertinent model for colorectal adenocarcinoma. The effect of RSV on Caco-2 cell viability was investigated using MTT assay and neutral red uptake assay. The level of generated ROS was high in cells exposed to RSV. Likewise, the enzyme superoxide dismutase, responsible for converting ROS into hydrogen peroxide, was concurrently elevated. The effect of RSV on DNA damage was examined through the TUNEL assay. The gene expression analyses for pro-apoptotic elements were studied using qRT-PCR. Furthermore, the impact of RSV on the migration of Caco-2 cells was conducted through a wound-healing assay. Our results reveal RSV's cytotoxicity on Caco-2 cells, showing dose-dependent inhibition of viability, indicating its promise as a treatment agent. The induction of cell death by apoptosis is substantiated by DNA damage. Notably, the upregulated expression of caspase-3, Bax, and p53 genes suggests RSV's potential to modulate key apoptosis-related elements. In addition, RSV displayed an inhibitory effect on cellular migration, a significant (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01) in cancer metastasis. These findings underscore RSV's potential to be a multifaceted therapeutic agent targeting apoptosis and metastatic processes in colorectal cancer.