ThyroidNet: A Deep Learning Network for Localization and Classification of Thyroid Nodules

Aim: This study aims to establish an artificial intelligence model, ThyroidNet, to diagnose thyroid nodules using deep learning techniques accurately. Methods: A novel method, ThyroidNet, is introduced and evaluated based on deep learning for the localization and classification of thyroid nodules. First, we propose the multitask TransUnet, which combines the TransUnet encoder and decoder with multitask learning. Second, we propose the DualLoss function, tailored to the thyroid nodule localization and classification tasks. It balances the learning of the localization and classification tasks to help improve the model's generalization ability. Third, we introduce strategies for augmenting the data. Finally, we submit a novel deep learning model, ThyroidNet, to accurately detect thyroid nodules. Results: ThyroidNet was evaluated on private datasets and was comparable to other existing methods, including U -Net and TransUnet. Experimental results show that ThyroidNet outperformed these methods in localizing and classifying thyroid nodules. It achieved improved accuracy of 3.9% and 1.5%, respectively. Conclusion: ThyroidNet significantly improves the clinical diagnosis of thyroid nodules and supports medical image analysis tasks. Future research directions include optimization of the model structure, expansion of the dataset size, reduction of computational complexity and memory requirements, and exploration of additional applications of ThyroidNet in medical image analysis.