Effect of Zr4+ concentration on optical properties and defect structure of Zr:Ho:LiNbO3 crystals

Zr:Ho:LiNbO3 crystals with different concentrations of Zr4+ were prepared by Czochralski method. The internal structure changes and the occupancy of doped ions were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The effective segregation coefficient was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES), and the optical homogeneity was analyzed by birefringence gradient method. The experimental results show that doping does not change the inherent structure of the crystal, the threshold concentration of Zr4+ is 1 mol In this study, a series of Zr:Ho:LiNbO3 crystals of different Zr ions doped concentrations were grown using the Czochralski method. The defect structure of different Zr ions concentrations crystals is analyzed using X-ray diffraction mode. The effects of Zr ions concentrations changes on the concentration of doping elements and the segregation coefficient were investigated using ICP. The optical uniformity of Zr:Ho:LiNbO3 crystals with different concentrations of Zr4+ has been analyzed by birefringence gradient method.