Prevalence and potential risk factors associated with ketosis in dairy farms in egypt

Ketosis is an energy-related metabolic disease that primarily occurs during the early lactation period in dairy cattle. Ketosis adversely affects production, animal health, and reproduction. The present study determines the prevalence and risk factors associated with ketosis in dairy cattle during early lactation in Egypt. A total of 1179 dairy cows from 37 dairy farms were screened for ketosis using a semi-quantitative cow-side milk strip test. A questionnaire was constructed to include the hypothesized risk factors. Risk factors were assessed on both the cow and herd levels using logistic regression model. The findings showed that the prevalence of ketosis was 6.35% (75/1179 cases). On the cow level, the final logistic regression model revealed a significant association between ketosis and parity ≥4 (P= 0.040, OR: 1.74, CI 95%: 1.025–2.95), cows with a dry period length ≥ 65 days (P =0.02, OR: 1.88, CI 95%: 1.1–3.18), calving season (P=0.037, OR: 1.73, CI 95%: 1.03–2.89), BCS>3.5 (P= 0.010, OR: 2.03, CI 95%: 1.19–3.47), milk yield ≥25L/day (P= 0.033, OR 2.04, CI 95%: 1.06-3.92), dystocia (P< 0.001; OR: 3.18, CI 95%: 1.75–5.77), retained placenta (P= 0.006, OR: 2.85, CI 95%: 1.35-6.032), and displaced abomasum (P< 0.001, OR: 26.28; CI 95%: 7.20–95.90). On the herd level, there was an association between ketosis and insufficient prepartum feeding of a total mixed ration (P= 0. 021, OR: 6.29, CI 95%: 1.325–29.86), and in herds deficient-lactation supplementa­tion propylene glycol (P= 0.047, OR: 4.86, CI 95%: 1.020–23.19). In conclusion, ketosis is an existing problem in dairy farms in Egypt; therefore, identification of risk factors may provide a useful approach for the prevention and control such metabolic problems. Razširjenost in potencialni dejavniki tveganja, povezani s ketozo na mlečnih kmetijah v Egiptu Izvleček: Ketoza je z energijo povezana presnovna bolezen, ki se pojavlja predvsem v zgodnjem obdobju laktacije pri kravah molznicah. Ketoza negativno vpliva na proizvodnjo, zdravje živali in reprodukcijo. V tej študiji smo določali razširjenost in dejavnike tveganja, povezane s ketozo pri mlečnem govedu v zgodnji laktaciji v Egiptu. Na ketozo je bilo pregledanih 1179 krav molznic iz 37 mlečnih farm z uporabo semikvantitativnega testa na mlečnem traku. Sestavili smo vprašalnik, ki je vključeval domnevne dejavnike tveganja. Dejavnike tveganja smo ocenili na ravni krave in črede z uporabo logističnega regresijskega modela. Ugotovitve so pokazale, da je bila razširjenost ketoze 6,35 % (75/1179 primerov). Na ravni krave je končni logistični regresijski model pokazal pomembno povezavo med ketozo in pariteto ≥ 4 (P= 0,040, OR: 1,74, CI 95 %: 1,025-2,95), kravami z dolžino sušnega obdobja ≥ 65 dni (P=0,02, OR: 1,88, CI 95 %: 1,1-3,18), sezono telitve (P=0,037, OR: 1,73, CI 95 %: 1,03-2. 89), BCS>3,5 (P= 0,010, OR: 2,03, CI 95 %: 1,19-3,47), mlečnostjo ≥25L/dan (P= 0,033, OR 2,04, CI 95 %: 1,06-3,92), distociji (P< 0,001; OR: 3. 18, CI 95 %: 1,75-5,77), zadržani posteljici (P= 0,006, OR: 2,85, CI 95 %: 1,35-6,032) in dislokacijo siriščnika (P< 0,001, OR: 26,28; CI 95 %: 7,20-95,90). Na ravni črede smo ugotovili povezavo med ketozo in nezadostnim krmljenjem s skupnim mešanim obrokom pred porodom (P= 0. 021, OR: 6,29, CI 95 %: 1,325-29,86), v čredah s pomanjkljivo laktacijo pa z dodatkom propilenglikola (P= 0,047, OR: 4,86, CI 95 %: 1,020-23,19). Zaključimo lahko, da je ketoza obstoječa težava na mlečnih kmetijah v Egiptu, zato lahko opredelitev dejavnikov tveganja predstavlja uporaben pristop za preprečevanje in nadzor teh presnovnih težav. Ključne besede: krava molznica; ketoza; dejavniki tveganja; BHBA