East Asian monsoon and westerly jet driven changes in climate and surface conditions in the NE drylands of China since the Late Pleistocene

The East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) is a major component of the global climate yet, the causes for the past spatiotemporal variability of EASM rainfall, its interactions and impacts remain unresolved. Here we use the Sr–Nd isotopes and rare earth elements composition of dust in a peat record from northeast (NE) China to investigate the relationship between aeolian dust, the East Asian monsoon and Westerly Jet (WJ) over East Asia since the Late Pleistocene (14 cal ka BP). The NE drylands of China dominate the dust fraction (Hunshandake, Horqin; 44–88%) with a contribution from the deserts of NW China (Badain Jaran, Tengger, Taklamakan; 10–44%), suggesting an influence of the WJ. Dust deposition varied during the Holocene, displaying a minimum between 8.0 and 6.0 cal ka BP and two peaks at 5.8–3.8 and 1.7–0.3 cal ka BP. Changes in dust flux are opposite to the East Asian winter monsoon intensity profile, suggesting a limited influence of the winter monsoon. The EASM appears to have played a more significant role in the dust cycle, with increasing dust fluxes corresponding with lower EASM precipitation. Variations in dust flux from NE drylands display shifts reflecting changes in EASM precipitations and dune activity along the EASM margin, where the dust originates from. To account for the influence of the WJ, we propose that the meridional position and intensity of the WJ also affected dust emission in the drylands’ region. A more northward position of the WJ allows the EASM front further north, generating more precipitations over the NE drylands, reducing the extent of arid areas, and resulting in less dust emission from dune activity, while the opposite occurs with a strong, more southerly WJ. Anthropogenic activities are likely to have had an increasing impact on the dust cycle over the late Holocene. Nevertheless, the presence of inconsistencies in records, coupled with a simultaneous decline in climatic conditions (mainly precipitations) during the same timeframe, hinders the precise assessment of the influence of human activities on dust emissions in the region.