Magma flux variations triggering shallow-level emplacement of the Takidani pluton (Japan): Insights into the volcanic-plutonic connection

Defining the physico-chemical evolution of felsic magmatic reservoirs in the middle-upper continental crust is crucial for understanding the connection between granitic plutons and silicic volcanic rocks and for research on the trigger mechanisms of volcanic eruptions. In this study, we investigate the formation and evolution of the Hotaka-Takidani volcano-plutonic complex (Japan) using a comprehensive approach that integrates zircon petrochronology with phase-equilibria and thermal modelling. The Takidani pluton is a Pleistocene tilted zoned intrusion of granodiorite-granite composition associated with at least two large caldera-forming eruptions. We have investigated the three uppermost units of the pluton and the oldest and more voluminous Nyukawa eruption, which deposited more than 400 km3 (DRE, dense rock equivalent) of crystal-rich dacitic ignimbrite. Amphibole thermobarometry, U-Pb zircon dates and geochemical data indicate that the Takidani pluton and the Nyukawa dacite were sequentially sourced from a 10–12 km-thick long-lived magmatic reservoir in the middle crust. Thermal evolution of the reservoir led to the extraction of the Nyukawa magma, followed by brief storage in the upper crust and eruption at ca. 1.706 ± 0.091 Ma. For two of the units of the pluton, we combine high-spatial resolution zircon U-Pb geochronology with zircon chemical data. Applying the Ti-in-zircon thermometer, we observe that magma within the reservoir was stored at a relatively constant temperature of ca. 700 °C for 300 kyr and subsequently, starting from 1.4 Ma, the temperature increased progressively reaching 820–850 °C at 1.1 Ma. This temperature shift is inconsistent with a constant magma flux and suggests an increase of the magma injection rate into the reservoir. Using the distribution of zircon ages and thermal simulations, we determined that the reservoir was built by a fairly low average magma flux of ca. 6 × 10−6 km3*km−2*yr−1, shifting to a magma supply rate which is three to four times higher during the last 300 ka of zircon crystallisation. This increase in magma flux caused the final emplacement of the Takidani magma in the upper crust, where it rapidly crystallized. The integration of geochronological data with phase-equilibria and thermo-chemical modelling demonstrates that multiple melt extraction events occurred during the evolution of the Hotaka-Takidani magmatic system. Only the first one triggered a major eruption, while subsequent events resulted in the emplacement of the Takidani pluton in the shallow crust.