Observed and modeled moulin heads in the Pakitsoq region of Greenland suggest subglacial channel network effects

In the ablation zone of land-terminating areas of the Greenland Ice Sheet, water pressures at the bed control seasonal and daily ice motion variability. During the melt season, large amounts of surface meltwater access the bed through moulins, which sustain an efficient channelized subglacial system. Water pressure within these subglacial channels can be inferred by measuring the hydraulic head within moulins. However, moulin head data are rare, and subglacial hydrology models that simulate water pressure fluctuations require water storage in moulins or subglacial channels. Neither the volume nor the location of such water storage is currently well constrained. Here, we use the Moulin Shape (MouSh) model, which quantifies time-evolving englacial storage, coupled with a subglacial channel model to simulate head measurements from a small moulin in Pakitosq, western Greenland. We force the model with surface meltwater input calculated using field-acquired weather data. Our first-order simulations of moulin hydraulic head either overpredict the diurnal range of oscillation of the moulin head or require an unrealistically large moulin size to reproduce observed head oscillation ranges. We find that to accurately match field observations of moulin head, additional subglacial water must be added to the system. This subglacial baseflow is likely sourced from basal melt and nonlocal surface water inputs upstream. We hypothesize that the additional baseflow represents strong subglacial network connectivity throughout the channelized system and is consistent with our small moulin likely connecting to a higher-order subglacial channel.