Orbital CO₂ reconstruction using boron isotopes during the late Pleistocene, an assessment of accuracy

Boron isotopes in planktonic foraminifera are a widely used proxy to determine ancient surface seawater pH and by extension atmospheric CO2 concentration and climate forcing on geological timescales. Yet, to reconstruct absolute values for pH and CO2 , we require a delta(11) B foram - borate to pH calibration and independent determinations of ocean temperature, salinity, a second carbonate parameter, and the boron isotope composition of seawater. Although delta(11) B-derived records of atmospheric CO(2 )have been shown to perform well against ice-core-based CO2 reconstructions, these tests have been performed at only a few locations and with limited temporal resolution. Here we present two highly resolved CO2 records for the late Pleistocene from Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Sites 999 and 871. Our delta B-11 -derived CO2 record shows a very good agreement with the ice core CO2 record with an average offset of 13 +/- 46 ( 2 sigma ) and an RMSE of 26 ppm, with minor short-lived overestimations of CO2 (of up to similar to 50 ppm) occurring during some glacial onsets. We explore potential drivers of this disagreement and conclude that partial dissolution of foraminifera has a minimal effect on the CO2 offset. We also observe that the general agreement between delta(11) B-derived and ice core CO2 is improved by optimising the delta(11) B foram - borate calibration. Despite these minor issues, a strong linear relationship between relative change in climate forcing from CO2 (from ice core data) and pH change (from delta(11) B) exists over the late Pleistocene, confirming that pH change is a robust proxy of climate forcing over relatively short ( < 1 million year) intervals. Overall, these findings demonstrate that the boron isotope proxy is a reliable indicator of CO2 beyond the reach of the ice cores and can help improve determinations of climate sensitivity for ancient time intervals.