Pharmacogenomics: The Promising Future of Clinical Therapeutics

Pharmacogenomics (PGx), a rapidly evolving field at the intersection of pharmacology and genomics, has the potential to revolutionize medical practice by investigating how an individual's genetic makeup influences their response to drugs. By optimizing drug selection, dosage, and treatment strategies based on an individual's genetic profile, pharmacogenomics aims to improve therapeutic outcomes, minimize adverse reactions, and enhance healthcare efficiency. Recent advancements in high-throughput genotyping technologies and the availability of genomic data have paved the way for personalized and targeted therapies. This review highlights pharmacogenomics's fundamental principles, applications, and challenges, emphasizing its potential to transform clinical practice and patient care. The field has made significant progress in understanding the impact of genetic variants on drug response, ranging from monogenic to complex polygenic variants. However, the implementation of pharmacogenomics in public health institutions remains limited. With continuous advancements and increasing integration of genomics into medicine, pharmacogenomics is poised to play a crucial role in precision medicine, improving drug efficacy, minimizing toxicity, and driving advancements in drug discovery and development.