Progress in the design principle of biomedical tissue adhesive hydrogel with naturally derived substance

In recent years, natural substance-based tissue adhesive hydrogels have been widely studied by researchers because of their practicability and affordability. In this review, we summarized the design principles and mechanisms for constructing natural substance-based tissue adhesive hydrogels from the perspective of polyphenols (catechol, dopamine, tannic acid), cationic polymers (chitosan, lysine, cationic antibacterial peptides), polysaccharides and other natural substances. In addition, according to the morphology and size of tissue adhesive hydrogels, it was divided into macroscopic hydrogels and microscopic hydrogels. Therefore, the natural substance-based adhesive macroscopic hydrogels such as injectable hydrogels and hydrogel patches and natural substance-based adhesive microscopic hydrogels including hydrogel microspheres were reviewed. Furthermore, we summarized the review and provided outlook based on the present tissue adhesive hydrogels. The review aimed to summarize the progress in natural substance-based tissue adhesive hydrogels and provide a valuable reference for the development of tissue adhesive hydrogels and its applications in biomedical field. image