Diverse nutrient management strategies for achieving a sustainable energy-food-environment nexus in rice-rice production systems

The double rice (rice followed by rice) production systems are often associated with poor resource use efficiency and resource degradation and the long-term sustainability of such cropping systems is uncertain in virtue of global climate change. This research links the complex relationship of energy budgeting, carbon input–output, and water use for sustainable rice production. Along with this, a novel concept of “net ecosystem economic budget (NEEB)” was taken to examine the ecological and economic viability of such cropping systems. The current study evaluated the long-term rice-rice cropping system (2006–2019) with different fertilizer management options on rice productivity, resource use efficiency (energy, carbon, and water), and net ecosystem economic budget. Farmyard manure (an organic amendment; FYM) combined with NPK fertilizer application (NPK + FYM) improved the rice yield by 34–38