Performance Comparison of Multifarious Deep Networks on Caries Detection with Tooth X-ray Images

Objectives Deep networks have been preliminarily studied in caries diagnosis based on clinical X-ray images nowadays. However, the performance of different deep networks on caries detection is still unclear. This study aims to comprehensively compare the caries detection performances of recent multifarious deep networks with clinical dentist level as a bridge. Methods Based on the self-collected periapical radiograph dataset in clinic, four most popular deep networks in two types, namely YOLOv5 and DETR object detection networks, and UNet and Trans-UNet segmentation networks, were included in the comparison study. Five dentists carried out the caries detection on the same testing dataset for reference. Key tooth-level metrics, including precision, sensitivity, specificity, F1-score and Youden index, were obtained, based on which statistical analysis was conducted. Results The F1-score order of deep networks is YOLOv5 (0.87), Trans-UNet (0.86), DETR (0.82) and UNet (0.80) in caries detection. A same ranking order is found using the Youden index combining sensitivity and specificity, which are 0.76, 0.73, 0.69 and 0.64 respectively. A moderate level of concordance was observed between all networks and the gold standard. No significant difference (p>0.05) was found between deep networks and between the well-trained network and dentists in caries detection. Conclusions Among investigated deep networks, YOLOv5 is recommended to be priority for caries detection in terms of its high metrics. The well-trained deep network could be used as a good assistance for dentists to detect and diagnose caries. Clinical Significance The well-trained deep network shows a promising potential clinical application prospect. It can provide valuable support to healthcare professionals in facilitating detection and diagnosis of dental caries.