Glucosinolates, isothiocyanates, and their role in the regulation of autophagy and cellular function

Autophagy is a cellular degradation process important for the maintenance of cytoplasmic integrity which can be upregulated in response to stress which is active in eukaryotic cells. Promotion of autophagy has been related to lifespan expansion, tumor suppression and the maintenance of metabolic health. Also, alterations in this pathway have been related to human diseases or pathological states including neurodegenerative diseases, stroke, metabolic alterations, or cancer. Extensive research on the effects of natural products on autophagy has been made, with a particular focus on phenolic compounds. However, plant nitrogen-containing specialized metabolites have recently acquired great importance due to their potential therapeutic uses. Among these, glucosinolates (GSL), a group of thioglucosides and their bioactive metabolites, isothiocyanates (ITC) and indoles, are known to modulate cellular processes important for disease treatment and prevention. These compounds are almost exclusive of cruciferous foods (Brassicas), including broccoli, cabbages, radishes, kale, mustards, rocket salad or arugula, wasabi, and so on. The cruciferous vegetables are widely distributed worldwide and highly consumed in Europe, Asia and the Americas. Due to the important role of autophagy as a cellular homeostatic maintenance process, and its alterations in pathological states, we reviewed the recent evidence relating the effects of GSL metabolites and their role as modulators of autophagy. The potential to modulate this process is crucial for the maintenance of human health and to treat highly prevalent diseases where autophagy is involved, such as neurodegenerative, metabolic disorders, or cancer.