Warming-Induced Stimulation of Soil N₂O Emissions Counteracted by Elevated CO₂ from Nine-Year Agroecosystem Temperature and Free Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment

Globally, agricultural soils account for approximately one-third of anthropogenic emissions of the potent greenhouse gas and stratospheric ozone-depleting substance nitrous oxide (N2O). Emissions of N2O from agricultural soils are affected by a number of global change factors, such as elevated air temperatures and elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). Yet, a mechanistic understanding of how these climatic factors affect N2O emissions in agricultural soils remains largely unresolved. Here, we investigate the soil N2O emission pathway using a N-15 tracing approach in a nine-year field experiment using a combined temperature and free air carbon dioxide enrichment (T-FACE). We show that the effect of CO2 enrichment completely counteracts warming-induced stimulation of both nitrification- and denitrification-derived N2O emissions. The elevated CO2 induced decrease in pH and labile organic nitrogen (N) masked the stimulation of organic carbon and N by warming. Unexpectedly, both elevated CO2 and warming had little effect on the abundances of the nitrifying and denitrifying genes. Overall, our study confirms the importance of multifactorial experiments to understand N2O emission pathways from agricultural soils under climate change. This better understanding is a prerequisite for more accurate models and the development of effective options to combat climate change.