Temporal and spatial differences in human activities performed in Urban Green Spaces of Vilnius (Lithuania)

Urban green spaces (UGS) are relevant to city well-being, as recognized by the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, few studies have studied the temporal use of UGS. This work assessed the seasonal, weekly, and daily use of three urban green spaces (Vingis Park, Bernardino Garden, and Jomantas Park) in Vilnius (Lithuania). The study is based on an on-site observation-based survey, which recorded users’ characteristics, activities, and weather conditions during summer and winter. The results showed that UGS’s seasonal, weekly, and daily use differed according to park and users’ characteristics. Parks with a higher diversity of facilities had a high seasonal difference in the number of observed activities. User numbers were higher in the summer for activities with children, social activities, sports, and water activities than in the winter. Jomantas Park had the lowest variability in user characteristics. Weather variables were linked to changes in users’ activities. Higher precipitation and lower temperature were associated with reducing the number of users and the diversity of registered activities. Most of the stationary activities were observed during summer. The diversity of the observed activities was associated with the available facilities rather than the park size. The distribution of stationary activities was spatially correlated with facility/equipment (benches, playgrounds, sports, and fitness equipment) and proximity to water features. The results of this study are relevant for UGS design, planning, and management.