Influence of sintering temperature on the electrical properties of SrTiO3–BaZrTiO3 ceramics for energy storage applications
Ceramics International(2024)
Abstract
The impact of the sintering temperature on the phase composition and electrical properties of 5%SrTiO3–95%BaZr0.15Ti0.85O3 (ST-BZT) ceramics fabricated by solid-state method and consolidated by two-step sintering is presented. A systematic analysis of the phase composition, microstructures, dielectric, ferroelectric, and energy storage characteristics. A di-phase SrTiO3–BaZrTiO3 composite is obtained at low sintering temperatures below 1400 °C. Increasing the sintering temperature causes a shift of the Curie temperature from 62 °C to 55 °C together with changes of permittivity values and of the ferroelectric loops, thus indicating a progressive interdiffusion process at the interfaces, together with a better densification. Remarkably, the ST-BZT composition sintered at 1500 °C exhibits characteristics of a single phase (Ba,Sr) (Zr,Ti)O3 solid solution, with high room temperature permittivity around 2950 and good ferroelectric response (saturation polarization Pmax = 12.6 μC/cm2 and remnant polarization Pr = 2.16 μC/cm2). Consequently, this composition displays a much greater recoverable energy density (Wrec = 54.5 mJ/cm3) in comparison to the ones of the di-phase ST-BZT composites and the parent phases. However, the (Sr0.05Ba0.95) (Zr0.14Ti0.86)O3 solid solution, demonstrates a lower energy efficiency (72%) in comparison to the ST-BZT di-phase composites sintered at lower temperatures, which exhibit higher energy efficiency values around 86%. In addition, the charge-discharge experiments were performed under different electric fields to disclose the difference in energy storage properties in 5%SrTiO3–95%BaZr0.15Ti0.85O3 ceramics. This suggests that the sintering strategy plays a crucial role in determining the energy efficiency of the obtained ceramics. Additionally, all the investigated ST-BZT ceramics present high energy efficiency at low-applied electric fields, suggesting their potential as candidates for energy storage capacitors operating at moderate fields.
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Key words
Lead-free ceramics,Sintering strategy,Ferroelectric properties,Energy storage
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