Near-Surface Geophysical Characterization of a Marble Deposit to Promote a Sustainable Small-Scale Mining

Small-scale mining (SSM) is responsible for almost all the production of non-metallic minerals in the world and represents around 80% of the mining in Brazil. The lack of direct geological information increases the level of uncertainty associated with the exploratory process, compromises mine planning, limits mineral extraction, and contributes to maximizing environmental issues. In this research, near-surface geophysical methods, including Electrical Resistivity, Capacitive Resistivity, Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR), and Transient Electromagnetic (TEM), were applied to characterize a marble deposit in an SSM located in the Campos do Jordao region, Sao Paulo state, southeast Brazil. The geophysical methods used provide indirect information about the subsurface geology based on the contrast in electrical and electromagnetic properties. Resistivity results show the efficiency of locating marble deposits, as well as fracture zones. GPR profiles allowed for the investigation of the structural heterogeneities in the subsurface. Geophysical data and lithological information from drill holes were integrated into Micromine software and guided the development of a geological model and a conceptual pit model. The information inferred from the pit modeling allowed us to analyze the potential of the deposit and should be used to assist in developing sustainable mining planning. The results of this work demonstrate that the investment in geophysical research can support the modernization of an SSM and contribute to more sustainable and productive mining.