Glimmers in the Cosmic Dawn: A Census of the Youngest Supermassive Black Holes by Photometric Variability

We report first results from a deep near infrared campaign with the Hubble Space Telescope to obtain late-epoch images of the Hubble Ultra-Deep Field (HUDF), 10-15 years after the first epoch data were obtained. The main objectives are to search for faint active galactic nuclei (AGN) at high redshifts by virtue of their photometric variability, and measure (or constrain) the comoving number density of supermassive black holes (SMBHs), n_SMBH, at early times. In this Letter we present a brief overview of the program and preliminary results regarding eight objects. Three variables are supernovae, two of which are apparently hostless with indeterminable redshifts, although one has previously been recorded at a z≈6 galaxy. Two further objects are clear AGN candidates at z=2.0 and 3.2, based on morphology and/or spectroscopy, in particular infrared spectroscopy from JWST. Three variable targets are identified at z=6-7, which are also likely AGN candidates. These sources provide a first measure of n_SMBH in the reionization epoch by photometric variability, which places a firm lower limit of 3x10^-4 cMpc^-3. After accounting for variability and luminosity incompleteness, we estimate n_SMBH ≳8x10^-3 cMpc^-3, which is the largest value so far reported at these redshifts. This SMBH abundance is also strikingly similar to estimates of n_SMBH in the local Universe. We discuss how these results test various theories for SMBH formation.