Spectacles in the American Civil War 1861-1865

Purpose : On the frequency of glasses in the American Civil War. Design and Methods : Evaluation of all available portrait photos of generals of the United States (US) and the Confederate States of America (CSA). Search for references to glasses in more than 100 group photos of soldiers (approx. 1000 Persons). Look for mention of glasses in several biographies and war reports. Results : Only seven of 531 US generals and none of 353 CSA generals were photographed wearing glasses. No glasses could be found in the more than 100 group photos evaluated. There were no references to glasses in various biographies. Conclusion : Ametropia and especially myopia were less common at the time of the American Civil War than they are today, and the absence of glasses in the photos does not necessarily mean that glasses were not worn. Nevertheless, it can be assumed that quite a few soldiers took part in the war without necessary correction and therefore with reduced visual acuity. The low, though slightly higher prevalence of glasses among US generals in the photos can best be explained by the better availability in the industrial north and the significantly better opportunities of import.