Quantifying freeze-melt dynamics of lakes on the Tibetan Plateau using Sentinel-1 synthetic aperture radar imagery

The ice phenology of alpine lakes on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) is a rapid and direct responder to climate changes, and the variations in lake ice exhibit high temporal frequency characteristics. MODIS and passive microwave data are widely used to monitor lake ice changes with high temporal resolution. However, the low spatial resolutions make it difficult to effectively quantify the freeze-melt dynamics of lakes. This work used Sentinel-1 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data to derive highresolution ice maps (about 6 days), then with the aid of Sentinel-2 optical images to quantify freeze-melt processes in three typical lakes on the TP (e.g. Selin Co, Ayakekumu Lake, and Nam Co). The results showed that three lakes had an average annual ice period of 125–157 days and a complete ice cover period of 72–115 days, from 2018 to 2022. They exhibit different ice phenology patterns. Nam Co is characterized by repeated episodes of freezing, melting, and refreezing, resulting in a prolonged freeze-up period. Meanwhile, the break-up period of Nam Co lasts for a longer duration (about 19 days), and the break-up exhibits a smooth process. Similarly, Ayakekumu Lake showed more significant inter-annual fluctuations in the freeze-up period, with deviations of up to 28 days observed among different years. Compared to the other two lakes, Selin Co experienced a relatively short freeze-up and break-up period. In short, Sentinel-1 SAR data can effectively monitor the weekly and seasonal variations in lake ice on the TP. Particularly, this data facilitates quantification of the freeze-melt dynamics.