Carboniferous–Early Permian volcano-sedimentary units from the northern margin of the North China Craton recorded subduction initiation in the Paleo-Asian Ocean

The precise timing of subduction initiation of the Paleo-Asian Ocean (PAO) in the northern margin of the North China Craton (NCC) remains controversial. In this study, we have conducted zircon UPb dating, whole-rock major and trace elements, and zircon Hf isotope analyses on metadacites and metamorphic greywackes from the Changde volcano-sedimentary rocks, feldspar quartz sandstones and argillaceous siltstones from the Luquantun Formation and the Sidao sedimentary rocks in central-eastern Jilin Province (NE China), to constrain the initial closure of the PAO. We obtained Early Carboniferous zircon UPb ages (345 ± 2 Ma and 351 ± 7 Ma) from the Changde volcano-sedimentary rocks. The metadacites are characterized by the enrichment in light rare earth elements and large ion lithophile elements, depletion in heavy rare earth elements and high field strength elements, and rare earth element ratios similar to those of the continental crust, indicating that these rocks originated from crustal melting. The metadacites exhibit affinity with the peraluminous A-type granite, with high zircon εHf(t) values (+3.46 − +12.21) and TDM2 of 571–1132 Ma, suggesting that they formed in a post-collisional extensional setting. Detrital zircon UPb ages from the Luquantun Formation and Sidao sedimentary rocks constrain their maximum depositional ages to the Late Carboniferous (319 ± 5 Ma) and Early Permian (284 ± 4 Ma), respectively. Most detrital zircons have age peaks at 1800 Ma with negative zircon εHf(t) values, and 2500 Ma with positive zircon εHf(t) values, suggesting that the Carboniferous–Early Permian sediments from these two formations were mainly sourced from the NCC. Moreover, the chemical index of alteration, index of compositional variability, and plagioclase index of alteration values suggest that the sediments of the Changde volcano-sedimentary rocks originated from a mafic igneous source with a low degree of weathering and a sedimentary recycling history, while the samples from the Luquantun Formation and Sidao sedimentary rocks were sourced from an intermediate-felsic igneous rock with a moderate to intense degree of weathering and mainly influenced by source composition. The crystallization age curves and summary plots of detrital zircons indicate that the Early Carboniferous metamorphic greywackes from the Changde Formation were mainly deposited in a passive margin, while the Carboniferous–Early Permian sediments of the Luquantun Formation and Sidao sedimentary rocks were mainly deposited in an active margin. We suggest that the tectonic transition from passive to active margin occurred at ~333 Ma, marking subduction initiation in the PAO close to the northern margin of the NCC.