Identification and functional analysis of recent IS transposition events in rhizobia

Rhizobia are alpha- and betaproteobacteria that, through the establishment of symbiotic interactions with leguminous plants, are able to fix atmospheric nitrogen as ammonium. The successful establishment of a symbiotic interaction is highly dependent on the availability of nitrogen sources in the soil, and on the specific rhizobia strain. Insertion sequences (ISs) are simple transposable genetic elements that can move to different locations within the host genome and are known to play an important evolutionary role, contributing to genome plasticity by acting as recombination hot-spots, and disrupting coding and regulatory sequences. Disruption of coding sequences may have occurred either in a common ancestor of the species or more recently. By means of ISComapare, we identified Differentially Located ISs (DLIS) in nearly related rhizobial strains of the genera Bradyrhizobium, Mesorhizobium, Rhizobium and Sinorhizobium . Our results revealed that recent IS transposition events don’t seem to be playing a major role in adaptation. Nevertheless, DLIS could have a role enabling the activation and inactivation of certain genes that could dynamically affect the competition and survival of rhizobia in the rhizosphere. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.