The utility of bioremediation approach over physicochemical methods to detoxify dyes discharges from textile effluents: A comprehensive review study

The textile industry is a major contributor to water pollution, discharging large volumes of dye effluents containing harmful compounds into water bodies annually. These dyes have harmful effects on aquatic organisms and pose a danger to human health due to their allergenic and carcinogenic properties. To address these issues, a variety of approaches spanning physical, chemical, and biological methods have been employed globally to mitigate the impact of dye pollution from textile effluents. While physico-chemical techniques have shown efficacy but, their high costs and environmental unsustainability have led to a growing preference for biological degradation methods. Because, biological method has emerged as the most popular, well-established, cost-effective and eco-friendly approach for combating textile dye pollution. Advanced biological dye remediation approaches such as bionanomaterials-based remediation strategies, microbial biosorbents and immobilization strategies have recently been applied. In addition, these approaches provide molecular mechanistic insights into the bio-degradation process where, microbial populations including, algae, fungi and bacteria have been applied. These microbes play crucial roles in breaking down organic matter and dye compounds into small metabolites or transforming them into less toxic forms under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. This prevents further contamination and minimizes the environmental impact of these hazardous substances. This comprehensive review explores the potential advantages of bio-degradation over physico-chemical methods in treating textile dyes drawing upon recent literature. It offers valuable insights into the utilization of bio-degradation techniques, establishing a foundation for future research and implementation within the textile industry.