Learning-based image steganography and watermarking: A survey

Extensive research has been conducted on image steganography and watermarking algorithms, owing to their crucial rules in secret data transmission, copyright protection, and traceability. Despite promising results and numerous surveys proposed in the literature, there is still a lack of comprehensive analysis dedicated to deep learning-based image steganography and watermarking algorithms. In this paper, we focus on investigating three important aspects: neural networks, structure models, and training strategies. Our review covers the vast literature in this field. Furthermore, we provide a comprehensive statistical analysis from diverse perspectives, including models, loss functions, platforms, datasets, and attacks. Moreover, we conduct in a thorough comparative analysis and evaluation of existing representative algorithms, assessing their effectiveness within the context of deep learning. Finally, the challenges and potential research directions in the domain of deep-learning image steganography and watermarking algorithms are discussed to facilitate future research.