Locating and sizing charging station in multi-period to promote electric vehicles adoption in urban areas

The layout of public fast charging stations (CSs) often fails to meet the charging demand of electric vehicle (EV) users, resulting in charging anxiety. To address this issue and promote the widespread use of EVs in urban areas, this paper presents a multi-period locating and sizing optimization model under dynamic demand. The model incorporates GPS trajectory extraction data to identify potential charging demand points and considers the mobile load characteristics of EVs for fusion modeling. A multi-period change formula is proposed to reflect the interaction between public fast CSs and EV market penetration, incorporating charging opportunity and waiting time satisfaction as measures of charging service quality. To solve the model, a heuristic algorithm combining genetic algorithm (GA) and k-medoids clustering algorithm is designed. We apply the model to an actual case of Shenzhen and find that increasing investment in charging infrastructure can boost EV market penetration in the later planning period. Moreover, the gap between charging opportunity and waiting time satisfaction tends to narrow as the planning progresses. Our findings highlight the importance of optimizing the location and size of public fast CSs to improve the charging service quality and promote the adoption of EVs.