Current Methods for Analysing Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles

The use of extracellular vesicles (EVs) generated by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) holds great promise as a novel therapeutic approach. Although their immunomodulatory and regeneration potential has been reported to be similar to that of MSCs, the use of MSC-derived EVs in clinical settings will require several problems to be resolved. It is necessary to develop a standardised and widely accepted isolation technology and to improve methods such as the quantification and characterisation of MSC-derived EVs. In this way, EV studies can be compared, the acquired knowledge can be safely transferred to clinical platforms and the clinical results can be evaluated appropriately. There are many procedures for the collection and analysis of vesicles derived from different cells; however, this review provides an overview of methods for the determination of the total protein amount, specific proteins, particle number, non-protein markers like lipids and RNA, microscopy and other methods focusing on MSC-derived EVs.