The use of methylene blue to control the tumor oxygenation level

Background Hypoxia is a characteristic feature of many tumors. It promotes tumor proliferation, metastasis, and invasion and can reduce the effectiveness of many types of cancer treatment. Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics of methylene blue (MB) and its impact on the tumor oxygenation level at mouse Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) model using spectroscopic methods. Approach The pharmacokinetics of MB were studied qualitatively and quantitatively using video fluorescence imaging and fluorescence spectroscopy. The degree of hemoglobin oxygenation in vivo was examined by calculating hemoglobin optical absorption from the measured diffuse reflectance spectra. The distribution of MB fluorescence and the lifetime of NADH were analyzed using laser scanning microscopy and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) to assess cellular metabolism. Results After intravenous administration of MB at 10–20 mg/kg, it quickly transitioned in the tumor to a colorless leucomethylene blue, with maximum accumulation in the tumor occurring after 5–10 minutes. A concentration of 10 mg/kg resulted in a relative increase of the tumor oxygenation level for small tumors (volume 50–75 mm3) and normal tissue 120 minutes after the introduction of MB. A shift in tumor metabolism towards oxidative phosphorylation (according to the lifetime of the NADH coenzyme) was measured using FLIM method after intravenous administration of 10 mg/kg of MB. Intravenous administration of MB at 20 mg/kg results in a long-term decrease in oxygenation, which persisted for at least 120 minutes after the administration and did not return to its initial level. Conclusions Administration of MB at 10 mg/kg shown to increase tumor oxygenation level, potentially leading to more effective antitumor therapy. However, at higher doses (20 mg/kg), MB may cause long-term decrease in oxygenation.